Correction to post below: They are (NOT) required to state the reason for your departure, whether it was resignation, fired, quit, retired or laid off.
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By law, the company doesn't have to give out anything more than verify you were an employee and the title of your last job position. They are not required to provide or confirm your salary, not even to say something like "low 6 figures". They are it required to state the reason for your departure, whether it was resignation, fired, quit, retired or laid off. So, I'm pretty sure most major companies HR departments will only give out the bare minimum of information. This may not be the case if you provide your previous supervisor's name and contact info. The supervisor may tell more than you would like, either directly to the prospective employer or indirectly through their networks and friends in the industry.
I don't think they give out any information besides employment and salary verification .